Usage

Lack

Present Perfect
- within the present time frame
- with effects up to now
- 屬於 present 家族成員，同”現在”一定有關
- 如果冇明顯時間，也暗示對現在有影響
- e.g. I have been to Japan. (I have the experience of going to Japan.)
雖然如此，美國人全部用 simple past 表達也冇問題
(X) He has graduated from university for three years. （冇影響到現在, 除非正常表達畢業既影響有三年？？？）
(O) He graduated from university three years ago. （冇影響到現在）
Collocation

Parallel Structure
e.g. and/or/but
Consider: research show that many students’ English level is far from satisfactory and do not have a good foundation of grammar.
1. many students’ English level is far from satisfactory
2. ??? many students’ English level do not have a good foundation of grammar.
  - The subject “many students’ English level” is not correct usage here.
  - The subject should be “students/they”.
research is an uncountable noun.
far from + adj. is a fixed phrase.
Correct sentence: “Research shows that many students’ English level is far from satisfactory and they do not have a good foundation of grammar.”

When doing (ing for Av/ pp. for Pv) sth., $S_x$ V O
- = When $S_x$ do/does sth., $S_x$ V O
Consider: When crossing the road, the bus knocked him down.
- = When the bus cross the road, the bus knocked him down??? （巴士係行駛於馬路，吾會橫過馬路
- (O) When crossing the road, he was knocked down by the bus.
- (O) When he was crossing the road, the bus knocked him down.

Resource (CN) -> Resources
- (O) The government should allocate more resources to the education sector.

This type of reading share a triangular type writing style.

Paragraph	Massage	Questions?
1	Consequently, an increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternative of geo-engineering - a term which generally refers to the intentional large-scale manipulation of the environment	1
2	Geo-engineering has been shown to work, at least on a small localized scale. For decades, MayDay parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blus skies, aircaft having deposited dry ice, silver iodide and cement powder to disperse clouds.	2
3	The majority of geo-engineering projects so far carried out - which include planting forests in deserts and depositing iron in the ocean to stimulate the growth of algae - have fouces on achieving a general cooling of the Earth	2? （只有hope to achieve, 非成功）
4	The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by serveral scientists. This would involve using sulphur or hydrogen sulphide aerosols so that sulphur dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lear to a global dimming. This idea is modelled on histroic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5 degrees Celsius.	1

e.g.

Name	Round 1	Round 2	Round 3	Round 4	Round 5
Roger Angel	his plan is ‘no subsitutes for developing renewable energy: the only permanent solution’ (14, 11)	(14, $\cancel{11}$)
Phil Rasch		I think all of us agree that if we were to end geo-engineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered condition very rapidly, and probably within ten to twenty years. (11)	Geo-engineering plans to inject stratospheric aerosols or to seed coluds would act to cool the plant, and act to increase the extent of sea ice. But all the models suggest some impact on the distribution of precipitation. (11, 13)	(11, $\cancel{13}$)
Dan Lunt				A further risk with geo-engineering projects is that your can ‘overshoot’. You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics will be cooler than before insdustrialisation. Angel’s project would have to operate at half strength. (13)
Martin Sommerkorn					Human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where we shouldn’t exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities. (12)